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Name: Fahad Jaffar

Review Questions
1) Which base does RNA not use? a) Adenine b) Cytosine c) Guanine d) Thymine 2) What is the Main Functions of Fat? a) To increase your waistline b) To store energy and to insulate c) To resist water and protect surface d) To act as hormone signals

3) How can you determine if a glucose molecule is α–glucose or β-glucose? a) Orientation of H and OH on carbon 3 b) Orientation of H and OH on carbon 1 c) Orientation of H and OH on carbon 4 d) If it has any nitrogen atoms

4) How do disaccharides form? a) Hydrolysis b) Condensation c) Magic d) Mitosis

5) What aids in Holding the shape of polypeptides in the tertiary structure? a) Ionic bonds, sulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions b) Ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, hydrophilic interactions c) Ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions d) covalent bonds, disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions

6) What is the difference between DNA and RNA in regards to their structure and functions? (Point form)

7) What is the basic Structure of an Amino Acid?

ANSWERS
1) D 2) B 3) B 4) B 5) C 6) -DNA has a Double Stranded structure -DNA‘s second strand in antiparallel to the first strand -Bases used in DNA are A, T, G, and C -Holds hereditary information of inherited traits in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and some viruses

-RNA has a Single Stranded Structure -Bases used in RNA are A, U, G, and C -Hereditary molecule for some viruses -Involved in protein synthesis. 7) A basic amino acid has a single carbon connected to an Amino group, an R-group, and a Carboxyl group.

Name: Viththakan Arunthavanathan

__**PART A: MULTIPLE CHOICE**__

1) What do the structures of phospholipids consist of? a) Polar unit, phosphate group, glycerol, 2 fatty acid chains b) Non-polar unit, phosphate group, glycerol, 2 fatty acid chains c) Polar long fatty acid chains linked to alcohol or carbon rings d) Non Polar long fatty acid chains linked to alcohol or carbon rings

2) Monosaccharides are simple sugars. Common examples of monosaccharides include a) Glycogen, Fructose, Galactose b) Starch, Celluose, Glycogen c) Glucose, Fructose, Galactose d) Maltose, Glucose, Fructose

3) Specify which of the following proteins would be structural. a) Hair b) Hemoglobin c) Antibodies d) Tendons e) Both A & E

4) In DNA, the sugar molecule attached to the phosphate group and nitrogenous base is a) Deoxyribose b) Ribose c) Sucrose d) Glucose

5) In RNA, what is the correct pairing of the nitrogenous bases? a) AU, CG  b) AU, CT  c) AT, CG  d) CT, AG

6) Name and provide an example for the four amino acid categories. 7) What is meant by the terms //saturated// and //unsaturated//?
 * __ PART B : SHORT ANSWER __**

1) a) Polar unit, phosphate group, glycerol, 2 fatty acid chains 2) c) Glucose, Fructose, Galactose 3) e) Both A & E 4) a) Deoxyribose 5) a) AU, CG
 * __ANSWERS__ **

6) ** Non Polar Amino Acids ** : Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Glycine, Cysteine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan. Methionine. Proline **Uncharged Polar Amino Acids:** Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Asparagine, Glutamine  7) Saturated means single bonded therefore it is stronger making it harder for the body to break it down, therefore making it bad for the body. Unsaturated on the other hand means double bonded meaning easier to break down and use and healthier for the body.
 * Negatively Charged (Acidic) Polar Amino Acids : ** Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid
 * Positively Charged (Basic) Polar Amino Acids: ** Lysine, Arginine, Histidin

Name: Luxena Sribaskaran


 * __PART A: MULTIPLE CHOICE__**

1) What are the five types of lipids?

a) Fatty Acids, Fats, Waxes, Steroids, Ribose b) Steroids, Waxes, Fats, Phospholipids, Fatty Acids c) Phospholipids, Fatty Acids, Waxes, Steroids, Trigylceride d) Fats, Phospholipids, Fatty Acids, Waxes, Cholesterol

2) How does maltose form?

a) Through the linkage of 2 α-glucose molecules with O­­­ 2 as a bridge between the 3-Carbon of one glucose unit and the 5-Carbon on the 2 nd glucose unit b) Through the linkage of 2 α-glucose molecules with O­­­ 2 as a bridge between the 2-Carbon of one glucose unit and the 5-Carbon on the 2 nd glucose unit c) Through the linkage of 2 α-glucose molecules with O­­­ 2 as a bridge between the 1-Carbon of one glucose unit and the 4-Carbon on the 2 nd glucose unit d) Through the linkage of 2 α-glucose molecules with O­­­ 2 as a bridge between the 2-Carbon of one glucose unit and the 3-Carbon on the 2 nd glucose unit

3) What is denaturation?

a) Change in the amino acid in the primary structure b) Unfolding of a protein c) A change in both the structure and function of a protein d) The loss of both the structure and function of a protein

4) What is a phosphodiester bond?

a) A link that Is formed between amino acids by a phosphate bridge b) A link that Is formed between nucleotides by a phosphate bridge c) A link that Is formed between nucleic acids by a phosphate bridge d) A link that Is formed between genetic information by a phosphate bridge

5) What is the structure of a steroid?

a) Four carbon rings b) Carboxyl group linked to a hydrocarbon chain c) Long fatty acid chains linked to alcohol or carbon rings d) Two fatty acid chains and one phosphate group linked to glycerol

__**PART B: SHORT ANSWER**__

6) Classify the nitrogenous bases as either a pyrimidine or a purine. Which group has single organic rings and which group has double organic rings? 7) What happens when even a single amino acid in the primary structure is changed?

1 // ) //// b) Steroids, Waxes, Fats, Phospholipids, Fatty Acids // //2)// //c) Through the linkage of 2// //α-glucose molecules with O­­­2 as a bridge between the 1-Carbon of one glucose unit and the 4-Carbon on the 2nd glucose unit// //3)// //d)The loss of both the structure and function of a protein// //4)// //b) A link that Is formed between nucleotides by a phosphate bridge// //5)// //a) Four carbon rings//
 * __ANSWERS__ **

//6)// //Pyrimidine bases have single organic rings and include uracil (U), thymine (T) and Cytosine (C).// // Purine bases are two-ringed organic structure and include adenine (A) and guanine (G). // //7)// //Changing even a single amino acid in the primary structure can alter or even destroy the overall structure of the protein to some degree.//

Name: Andrew Samuel 1. Which one of these is a compound of a carbonyl functional group? a) Alcohols b) Carboxylic acid c) Ketones d) Amines
 * __Part A: Multiple Choice__**

2. What is the linkage between carboxylic acid and alcohol called? a) Amide linkage b) Glycosidic linkage c) Ester linkage d) Ether linkage

3. Which one of these is considered to be a monosaccharide? a) Maltose b) Glyceraldehyde c) Starch d) Glycogen

4. The structure of fatty acids is usually... a) Two fatty acid chains and one phosphate linked to glycerol b) Four carbon rings c) Three fatty acid chains linked to glycerol d) Carboxyl group linked to hydrocarbon chain

5. Which one of these nitrogenous bases is only found in DNA? a) Uracil b) Adenine c) Thymine d) Cytosine


 * __Part B: Short Answer__**
 * 1) What are phospholipids? Explain

2. What is the difference between DNA & RNA?

__**Part A: Answers**__

1.c 2.c 3.b 4.d 5.c


 * __Part B: Answers__**
 * 1) What are phospholipids? Explain

Is a lipid with unsaturated fatty acids? The structure is that it has two fatty acid chains and one phosphate group linked to glycerol. Phospholipids have a polar end and a non-polar end.

2. What is the difference between DNA & RNA?

DNA is a double stranded molecule, while RNA is a single stranded molecule. In DNA the nucleotide contains deoxyribose, with one of the four nitrogenous bases adenine (A), thymine(T), cytosine (C), or guanine(G). In RNA each nucleotide contains ribose and one of the four bases; adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G) or cytosine (C).

Name: Sunjeev Uthayakumar 1) What is the general ratio of carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in a monosaccharide? a) 1 carbon: 1 hydrogen: 1 oxygen b) 1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen c) 2 carbon: 1 hydrogen: 1 oxygen d) 2 carbon: 1 hydrogen: 2 oxygen
 * __PART A: MULTIPLE CHOICE__**

2) Which of the following about fatty acids is TRUE? a) They consist of a carbonyl group and a hydrocarbon chain b) Saturated fatty acids have double bonds between the carbons c) As the hydrocarbon chain increases, the fatty acids become more and more water soluble d) None of the above

3) Which of the following is NOT an example of a steroid? a) Cholesterol b) Peptides c) Testosterone d) They are all steroids

4) The definition of a polypeptide is which of the following? a) A peptide with more than 50 amino acids b) A peptide with less than 50 amino acids c) A peptide with more than 50 nucleotides d) A peptide with less than 50 nucleotides

5) What is a nucleoside? a) A purine base linked to a sugar b) A pyrimidine base linked to a sugar c) One to three phosphate groups linked to a sugar d) Both A and B

6) Define the term “isomer”. 7) What groups of atoms are found in all amino acids?
 * __PART B: SHORT ANSWERS__**

1) B 2) D 3) B  4) A  5) D
 * __ANSWERS__**

6) An isomer is a molecule that has the same chemical formula as another, but a different arrangement of the atoms. For example, alpha-glucose and beta-glucose are isomers of each other because they have the same chemical formula (C6H12O6) but different arrangements of the –OH group that is attached to the carbon at position 1. 7) All amino acids have a central carbon atom attached to an amino group (–NH2), a carboxyl group (–COOH), and a hydrogen atom. Also attached to the central carbon atom is a variable side group, called an R group, which gives each amino acid its distinct characteristics.